Abstract

In 2022, Israel had their fifth election in a four-year span. This followed the collapse of a governing coalition, which, for the first time in Israeli history, included any Palestinian party. Israeli National Election Survey data is used in this project to discern Israeli public opinion on perceptions of Israeli democracy.

Background

In December 2018, Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu called elections before the end of the term. This began a series of five elections in four years: April 2019, September 2019, March 2020, March 2021, November 2022. The fourth of these elections was historical for being won by the most diverse coalition in Israeli history, including conservatives, liberals, and the controversial Arab-Israeli coalition Ra’am. These figures were united in opposition to Mr. Netanyahu. When the coalition collapsed and the fifth election was held in November 2022, Mr. Netanyahu regained the prime ministerialship. His term has been marked by attacks on Israel’s judiciary, coalition controversy, and the largest and longest-sustained protests in Israeli history. This project seeks to answer the question: could we see the seeds for Israel’s democratic backsliding and gridlock in public opinion before the November 2022 election?

Methods

This is a presentation of data called Israel National Election Studies Data, 2022, collected and operationalized by Tel Aviv University’s Cohen Institute for Public Opinion Research. A copy of the questions and survey methodology can be found here; the appendix can be found here. This was a two-wave survey designed to study the full population of Israeli voters. The pre-election survey was conducted in October 2022 and contacted 1,362 Jewish Israelis and 127 Arab-Israelis. The post-election survey was carried out in November 2022, contacting 1,120 Jewish Israelis and 108 Arab-Israelis. Religiosity is used in several graphs and both regressions because it is the most salient identity in Israeli politics; please note that all religions are present in each religiosity category.

Results

The above graphs show responses to the questions related to perceptions of Israeli democracy and political functionality, disagregated by religious group. These top graph shows that, across religiosity, there is weakly positive satisfaction with the perceived democratic integrity of the Israeli government. However, the bottom graph shows that, also across religiosity, there are strong majorities expressing deep dissatisfaction with the political system.

Few respondants believe in a commitment to Israeli democracy even when they or their party loses a vote. Additionally, a large majority opposes the introduction of the first Arab-Israeli (Palestinian) party into the governing coalition.

Below is a table depicting two regressions:

1. Responses to two questions (one regarding perceptions of democratic governance, the other regarding perceptions of Israel’s political functioning) regressed onto the reported religiosity of Israelis.
2. Responses to two questions (one regarding perceived improvements in Israel’s economy, the other regarding perceived improvements in Israel’s national security) regressed onto the reported religiosity of Israelis.

From regression 1, we can conclude that increased religiosity is slightly, but signficantly, associated with positive regard towards Israeli governance and political functioning. The coefficient implies that a one-unit increase in religiosity corresponds to an expected to increase in governance and political functioning scores. From regression 2, we can conclude that perceptions of Israel’s economy and national security are significant predictors of religiosity. A one-unit increase in religiosity corresponds to an expected to decrease in perceptions of the economy and security.

Discussion

We can reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the seeds of Israel’s current democratic crisis were sown as early as the November 2022 election. Responses indicate that a large majority of Israeli voters oppose cornerstones of democracy such as accepting the outcome of an election and minority inclusion. All the above findings indicate that Israel was vulnerable to demagogues and extremists going into the November 2022 election. Perhaps it is unsurprising that the November 2022 election saw the ascendance of the most extremist, anti-Arab, and right-wing governing coalition in Israeli history.

References

Thank you to the Tel Aviv University’s B. I. and Lucille Cohen Institute for Public Opinion Research for offering freely available Israeli election data.